Method and mold for covering of eyelets by plastic injection



y 1952 s. GOOKIN 2,596,993

METHOD AND MOLD FOR COVERING OF EYELETS BY PLASTIC INJECTION 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Jan. 13, 1949 y 20, 1952 s. L. GQOKIN 2,596,993

METHOD AND MOLD FOR COVERING OF EYELETS BY PLASTIC INJECTION Eiled Ja n. 15, 1949 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 .[7711671 for S5 luesierl. Goo/(in S. L. GOOKIN May 20, 1952 METHOD AND MOLD FOR COVERING OF EYELETS BY PLASTIC INJECTION Filed Jan. 13, 1949 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 fizz/67210;" 43y ll/eoterL. Goolrin Patented May 20, 1952 UNITED sr r-s Application January 13, 1949, Serial No. 70,704

' Tins-invention relatesito methods of parti'cularl'ytothecovering of themetal flanges of such articles with a vplastic'material and to a mold: which" may be employed in formin such coverings.

Ey'elets of plastic -materials have" been found advantageous for nia'ny uses and a common reasemen: theui'selectionis theirfjewel-like appearance, and another strong reasonis the wide choice of I colors and effects which maybe had. it has-been found,-howe'ver;.lthat an all-plastic eyelet is' generally lackingiiin' strength and per manence; bothqualiti'esbeingnecessary for some uses. 1 varicus attempts'have been made to secure improved eyeletsby c'cvering'the flanges of metallic eyelet blankswith plastic-resin by way of compr "si'o'm molding and thereby retain advanta geous characteristics? ofbothplastic and metallic materials. The United States-Letters Patent No. l ,1 8 8,423=,-gfanted June 2-7, 1916,.1'11 the name of Willi-am S-.'Ell -iot',"discloses an example? ofthe and meansforiniaki-ng eyelets or'similar articles, and more 5- Claiin s. (01. 18-36) faces may be made by' theinjectionymolding method with substantially no culls and in such quantities as to make the method commercially feasible. The method has been found-feasibledespitethe small amount of plastic material used for each injection" operation, the very thin sec tions of plasticmaterial which must be-formed' g consistently and without imperfections and also despite the very appreciable; premature cooling efiect' of the metal eyelet blanks. It will be-understood that theselatterconditions. are difii'cult to contend with as the cooling or setting of the 1 plastic material is extremelyrapid- (substantially inethods tried'. As ey'elet's are usually small in 1,

size, must be accurateiymad'e,andmustbe produced quantity for comine'rcial purposes, the difficulties enc'cuntereahavediscouraged the use of plastic: covered eyelets. In coveringeyelets,

the compression. molding method as taught in the patented art is not only wasteful of material but istoo slow-fo'r successful commercial use. Anotheridifiiculty in the pasthas been the inability to':' obtain a suiuci'eritlyi high percentage of perfect eyelets to warrant commercial use" o'fsuch methods. Thuspvif .the plastic material is first. placed .in the nio'l'd and then compressed by a subsequent 'closureiof the" mold, the pinched or -cut-off eye lets1 often show slightly irregular or rough edges instantaneous) and the slightest prematurecooling of merely a very small amount of plastic in any localized. part o'fthe moldwould; preclude successful operation.

The method of the present invention may be carried out withadvantage byconfininga'loa'ding ofa large number 01 eyelet blanks inspaced relation near or at theparting'planeof a twopart or. two-block mold for simultaneous coverage with the injection ofv a single charge: of; plastic material. 'Thelatter material (which maybe ethyl cellulose. cellulose acetate'or someother suitable resin) is preferably injected at the parting plane of the two'mold blocks and" is constrained (by cavities-defined in the-closedmold as well as by its own" disinclinaticn to deviate from a straight path because of its viscosity and rate'of flow)- to followa distribution pattern such asto cause the material to flow first to the zone of eyelet blanks mostremote'from the" point oiinje'ction and then progressively to flow to the terminating within the eye1et' barrels. :This roughness 'can be seen by close examination and is a-potentialsource of difiiculty in the use of the eyelets. Fhe'roughness or irregularity may cause the plastic material to tear loose from the supporting metal of 'the eyelet blank orit may cause u ndue wear; for example," on shoe laces. There have-been instances, in 'the use of the compression molding method, in which as high as of thewproduction hasbeen rejected because of imperiections. a

I The general object of the present invention is to: provide animproved. method of making eyel ets or similar. articlesthe :flanges of which are covered'byplastic material andalso a novel mold whichv advantageously may be used incarrying outthe improved method. V I The method aspect oi tlie present.inyention is J particularly. importantand'inte'restinginlthat it now been discoveredlthat' improved plastic covered metallic.- eyelets p'o sessiegi.;smcotnsurremaining less remote zones successively toward the point of injection. This progressive flow to the various zones ofv each injected charge: prevents undesired and' premature blockage ataany point in the mold and assures a complete treatment of each-full loading of. eyelet blanksand the production of consecutive: and accurately made eyelet clusters with a minimunr of culls and flashes.

In accordance'with the mold aspect of the invention a two-part ortwo-block mold isused near or at the parting plane of which; when the two parts are placed in juxtaposition. the'eyelet blanks arefirmly held iiispaced relation Cavities are defined which make up a distribution pattern. of a sprue passage communicating with runners, ring gates and flange spaces to lead the injected material to the individual flanges. The intersections of the sprue passage with some of the-runners are so arranged as to avoid diversion tca less -remote runnerof. any. plasticmaterial intended for. a more remote" runner until such re- :moterunnec andthe-more remoteportions of the cavities are filled. 1 plastic material subsequently and progressively flowing to some of the eyelet blanks or their ring gates, which are not as remote, is constrained to flow around an angle of less than 90.

These and other features of the invention including various specific details of construction of the method and of the mold will now be described in detail in the specification and then pointed out more particularly in the appended claims.

In the drawings, 1

Fig. 1 shows the bottom side of the upper part or block of the novel mold of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a plan view of the lower mold part or block with a removable flat plate holding 100 spaced metallic eyelet blanks;

Fig. 3 is an elevational viewpartially in section of the mold blocks placed in juxtaposition between the jaws of a press and ready for an injection operation;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged perspective view, partially in section, of part of an eyelet cluster produced in the practice of the novel method herein disclosed;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged perspective view, partially in section, of one of the die tools shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the structure shown in Fig. 3;

Fig. 7 shows a section through a part ofthe eyelet cluster and drawn to the same scale as Fig. 4; and

' Fig. 8 is an enlarged and sectional view of a finished eyelet with its flange covered with plastic material.

In arriving at a general understanding of the novel two-part mold construction, it should be noted that Fig. 1 shows the upper part and Fig. 2 shows the lower part whereas Fig. 3 shows the two parts placed in juxtaposition as set forth above in the description of the figures.

The upper part or block I of the mold (Figs. 1 and 3) is of such construction that it is subject to attachment by means of dogs II to the upper or vertically movable jaw [2 (Fig. 3) of a press. The block It) includes a carrier section I3, a heated portion I4, a tool carrying block I6, and a sprue member I8, and also restricts the movement of a knock-out plate 20 having horizontal protruding cars 22 and 24. The plate 20 is supported in a space or channel 26 cut through from one side to the opposite side of the carrier section I3 and is at times subject to vertical movement relative to the block In as will further appear. The heated portion I4 is firmly held to the carrier section I3 by means of six vertical bolts 30 the flat heads of which present surfaces which are flush with the under sides of the side walls depending as parts of the heated portion I 4.

The space 26 is of suificient height so that the plate 20 may move up and down therein depending upon whether the mold is closed or open. Thirty-six knock-out pins 34 are each provided with an enlarged head 36 (Fig. 3) and these pins are suspended through and from a plate 38 which, in turn, is attached to the knock-out plate '20 by means of four set screws 40. The knockout pins 34 are arranged to slide freely and as a group (when plates 20 and 38 are vertically actuated) in passages provided for them through the block I4 and the tool carrying part I8 andthey terminate just above the parting line of the mold when the mold is closed as will further appear.

Die tools 50 such as the one in Fig. (there are one hundred of them in the particular embodiment shown) are supported in the carrying block I6, and these die tools are arranged in ten sets of ten tools each, as best seen in Fig. 1. Each die tool 50 is cylindrical and is provided with a shoulder 52 arranged to bear on recessed portions of the member I6 (see Fig. 6). The lower end of each die tool 50 is provided with a depending projection 54 proportioned to fit snugly within the barrel of a metal eyelet blank 56 (Fig. 6) to be treated. An annular groove 58 for shaping the finished eyelet flange is formed in the tool 50 to surround the projection 54 and concentric with that groove '58 is a shoulder 60 which is inclined in a somewhat conical fashion toward the projection 54. The tool carrying block I6 is provided with runners 62 and one hundred annular ring gates or spaces 64 (Figs. 1 and 6). It is to be understoodcthat each ring gate or space 64 is concentric with a projection 54 and intersects one 01' the runners 62 as well as two or three adja cent ring gate spaces. The height of the runners 62 is such that, when the mold is closed and the knock-out plate 20 is raised for injection to begin, the pins 34 terminate at the points of intersection with those runners. The carrying block I6 is held in position within the heated POP. tion I4 by four Allen screws I4 passing through the depending sides of portion I4 and into the block "5.. In addition to the knock-out pins 34 the plate 20 also supports four pins 16 which are arranged to slide freely through the parts I4 and I6 and are of such length as to terminate at the parting plane (Fig. 3) of the mold when the mold is closed. It will be seen, then, that the length of each pin 16 exceeds the length of each pin 34 by an amount equivalent to the height of the runners 62. The cars 22 and. 24 of the knock-out plate 20 are so placed as to contact fixed stops I0 and 12 of the press (Fig. 3) when the mold is opened and if such contact proves necessary as will further appear.

The portion I4 is arranged to; be heated by a heating coil 82 passing through it in serpentine fashion. Supply and discharge conduits 84 and 86 for the heating fluid are attached to the coil 82 (Fig. 1).

The sprue member I8 has an enlarged end portion 90 (Fig. 3) and fits within the tool carrying block I6, as shown. It is held in position by two set screws 92 and 94. As will be seen in Fig. 1, the sprue memberI8 is provided with a sprue passage 98 extending a major portion of the length'thereof and enlarged at I00 to form part of aguitable opening for injection of plastic material: to the mold. Near the other or closed end of the-sprue passage 98, one of the runners 62 (or the runner most remote from the opening I00)? leads at right angles from the sprue passage 98. Four of the runners 62, located in the central portion of the mold, are connected to the sprue passage 98 by passages I08 formed in the part I8, as shown in Fig. 1. Each of the eight passages I08 is formed at an acute angle A to the sprue passage 98 so that the plastic material flowing to the corresponding half of a runner 62 will be constrained to pass around an angle of less than 90. The runner 62 nearest to the opening I00 is divided into two sections asare the other runners but, preferably, it is not connected directly to the passage 98. With the particular arrangement shown in Fig. '1, the two runner sections referred tocommunicate with the next runner 62 by means of the twenty intervening and adjacent ring gates 64.

Fourvertical pins' I20 are driven tightly into memos block-I2-8inoperative position and in alinement with the heated-portion I4. The pins I20 aid-int this regard for @their depending portions extend into holes 430 of: the block I28 in which the port-"- tions -are 'adapted-' to -slide when the -mo1d-is opened and closed Horizontal clean-out ports I32 are providedat thebottoms of the holes I300;

The-pins=-I20-are;:also adapted to pass freely but :with close tolerances through a removable-i fiat-plate I34 retained on the block I28 between i:

horizontally extending guideways I38. The plate I34 has-a handle-I40- (Fig. 2) and has one 'hun-' dred holes I42 (Fig. 6) each one proportioned snugly toreceive the barrel of an eyelet blank 56 at -theintersection of the barrel and flange-i With'the p1ate134 inposition on the lower block=r fi I28, the-holes I42 are so arranged that each is" concentric with and invertical alinement with one of 'theprojections 54 on a tool 50. The lower haIf IGUAof-the injection opening I00 is formed in the'top; portion of the block I28 'and tapers i upwardlythrougntheedge of plate I34 to the Y parting plane 80. 1

The-lower block I 28 is adapted to be heated by a coil I50- passing through it. Hose connections. I52 and I 54 are connected to the coil for circulating the required heating fluid.

Thermoplastic resins such as Lumarith X (a product of the Celanese Corporation of America, New York, 'Ne'wYorkl-and Ethocel (produced'by Dow'Chemic'al Company-of Midland, Michigan) have been found-suitable Lumarith X is a cellulose acetate product and Ethocel is an ethyl'oel lulose product; Eachof'these is available inthe form-of a "granulatedcompound and may be had in many colors.

In "carrying 'out'the operation involving the present invention the *upper and lower portions of the mold are located-between and'attached-tothe jaws of a press; as shown in Fig. 13, and are heated: bypassing a heating :fluid' through the coils :82 and .1 until the diameter of the blocks has reached and is "stabilized at approximately 140 'F; This temperature is maintained (but with" some-permissible f variance) throughout "a 3' production run Plastic granules-of cellulose-acetate (Lumarith X9 v are thentheatedin 1 a hopperl (not showm to such a degree that the temperature of thepl'astl'c material at the injection nozzle will be approxi mateIy-,340'F. The nozzle is not shown in the drawingsbut is a conventional injection n'o'zzle' proportioned z-tofit the'xinjection openingIBU when the mold isrclosed'as will be understood. f

Assuming that the mold is open (that is,'. the? upper :block--'I 0 has -been"raised with the upper:

jaw 1210f the' pres's) thevfiat plate =I34 is re-' moved from'the mold-bymeans of its handle I40. The one hundred holes I42 are then' loaded with onehundredeyelet blanks -56 and replacedinto itspositionas shown in the drawings. The loade 07 ing of these-eyelet; blanks on the plate I34 maye be performed in anumberof. ways and-is not a part of: the present invention. The flange. 50f each blank -is so shaped thatan annularspacedsfi retainedsbetweens'it and the plate 134:"

7!} met some matfleriaI-Q HIQprematurely 'aharden' at 'Thespress lather; operated ato- 'bring thesmoldi-r parts] 0- and SI 28stogethenat-theirparting plane I; When-:fithe. lmold blocks' can-parts; approach each. other the-pins 16 first contact thestop :sur-

faceofxthe:ilower blo ck a I 28. Thepinsv -34 are somewhat shorteras above described,- and they donut-contact the plate-I 34- at-anyitime. A the upper--block-:-or-heated-portion- I4 descends, the

pins 1-6 contact the-lower blockgI 28 and cause the v ekno'ck ou-t :plate 2 2 I to rise with-in the channel I 26 ot the upper block I I1 into the position. illustratede-in-z Figi:r 3r- When :-the parts are :in .this position it" is to:beenoted-that the lower ends ofv pins 34 -terminate at the tops 'ofthe-- runners 62. 1 The-heatedandmlosed mold is: :then ready for the injection operation:- and-zt he-rinjection nozzle (with' the plastic 'materiali-heated to 340 FL); is seatediwithin the 1: openingal [Illand 2a predetere s mined evolume oft-zthe" celluloseacetate under s 'a pressure of 1 approximately s 20,000 pounds per squarednch isinjected-into the sprue passage-98w The single charge-of plastic *material is of such:

volumei-"as---to- -fill allthe communicating cavities definedaby the: mold which cavities provide a dis- .tribution pattern for the-one hundred ieyelets tobe made'a, It may be iIseen'..-;from the drawings that when: the=-two mold "partsare in juxtaposition'they define a distribution pattern of a sprue passage- '98 communicating with the runners I52,-v the ring gates 64- and z spaces-ia' for :the eyelet I It-v is not essential that injection "pressure from the nozzl'e the maintained; Such-'1 pressure may be terminated immediately@subsequent to theinjection'i 'ofia full charge.: Whether it be -maintained or-inot is immaterial-asthemold temperature ofab'outw F: produces: a 1 chilling effect andtheinjected plastic material hardens quick- 1 1y; i I

tAft'erra dwellof eight to tenfseconds the mold is-"operied by gopera'tio'n of the press "and; as "the uppermoldipart I4 TiSBSpthG-kIlOck-Ollt plate-22 will bring: itsr full" weight down upon the plastic materialvoiethe-eyelet: cluster I60 because :of the pins: 34-resting at points "I62"(Fig.: 4) of the" In most instances this weight will be I cluster. suflicientz to "dislodgefthe :cluster I60 from the under sideof-the upper mold block-and cause the clu'st'er to*dropilfreely' ,to the -upper surface of the plate-=1 3'4 from which it may be removed 3 by :the operator." -If, perchance;-the weight of the knock-- 1 out: plate #22 ais not suflicient. :to :dislodge 713116 cluster:- thena "continued upward movement :of I the press jaw l 2 will cause the ears 22 and to- .strikeflthe: stops -|0- and 12.; In" this -way fthe cluster I62 will be forcibly ejected by the pins '34 from sixthe ca'vities or recessed Lportions of the member I 6.? a

After: the 'ifinished cluster "'I so has: seen re 7 ;,m'oved andsthefflatplate' I34'has been filled with another loadingmf :metal eyeletvblanks' 56 the mold is again closed and the parts assume their relative positions again, as shown in Fig. 3, and

the cycle of operation-is repeatedto produce' the next cluster.

The propen flow of plastic material from the sprue passage -93--to each of the four-" interme'di ate runners v 62 -must be smooth and mu'st takepl'ace in correct sequence.-- a The-*- chilling 'eflect exerted by the mold -uponthe-incoming inj ected charge of plastic material gives rise to a was frontPon' that charge} It maybe seen, therefore-,-- -th at a*very slight restriction :or the flow at any; point:in-the..imo1d aecentuateszthe possibility 7 that point, and that cavities beyond that point may not be filled, thus resulting in defective work. As heretofore referred to, the angle A (Fig. 1') between each passage I08 and the sprue passage 98 is less than 90". This is true with the particular construction illustrated but it does not necessarily follow that those passages should be exactly a shown. It is essential that the natural tendency of the plastic material to flow in a straight line be taken advantage of and that the metal at each point B (Fig. 1) be so formed as not to divert from the flow of material proceeding beyond that point and along the sprue passage 98. It also is important that the metal at each point C (Fig. 1) does not prematurely segregate or divert any portion oi. the plastic material. The metal at each point C may be formed in such a way as to present a curved instead of a pointed contour (as shown in'Fig. 1) or it may form an angle of 90 or more with the sprue passage 98. With all such proposed constructions, the plastic material will first fill the most remote runner 62 and the cavities served thereby because of the form of the flow passages and the natural tendency, heretofore referred to, of the rather viscous material to flow in a straight line as it is injected. The next runner 62 will then be filled and the material will flow into a half of that runner around point C following an entrance path which is at an angle of less than 90 with the passage 98 and this flow around point C will occur because of the viscosity and rate of flow of the material even though the metal at that point may be cut away or formed with an angle of more than 90. The degree of viscosity of the plastic material during injection (as well as the form of the passages in the distribution pattern) plays its part in determining the path of flow. With the desired flow achieved, it can be understood that, during the injection of a single charge of predetermined volume, the material will flow first to the zone of eyelet blanks most remote from the nozzle opening I00 and then progressively .flll the remaining mold cavities as heretofore explained.

During continuous production of the eyelet clusters, the mold accumulates heat from the repeated charges of plastic material and loses it to the repeated loadings of metal eyelet blanks, Sufiiciently accurate control of the heatin fluid and mold temperature may be had using conventional temperature control devices. This avoids premature chilling during injection and undue lengthening of the time for each cycle of operation.

The approximate time interval (using cellulose acetate, a mold temperature of 140 F., a nozzle temperature of 340 F., and a pressure at the nozzle of 20,000 pounds per square inch) for a cycle of operation to produce a given cluster is as follows:

Secs. Insertion of plate I 34 filled with eyelet blanks 56 1 Closure of mold 1 Seating of nozzle 1 Injection 1.5 Dwell after injection 8-10 Opening of mold 1 Removal of cluster 1 Total cycle time About 15 The cluster I60 is'of such configuration that the finished eyelets 56, such as theone shown in Fig. 8, may easily be removed from the cluster by punching or severing. There is substantially no wastage of material as the remaining part of the cluster'is subsequently broken up and returned to the hopper for reuse.

It is to be noted that the tool carryin block I6 and the tools 50 are of such a nature that the tools 50 may be removed andmay be replaced by tools having other configurations for their working faces. The diameter and also the shoulder of each tool 50 issuch that much room is left for variations in the sizes of the eyelets and the shapes of their flanges and barrels. The eyelets may be made with a round, oval or rectangular cross-section. Eyelets are produced in many sizes and shapes and the mere changing of the tools 50 to produce such sizes and shapes while retaining the main portions of the mold is a distinct advantage. The tools 50 are easily and accurately made and they may be inserted in the mold with a minimum of interruption to the production schedule.

The entrapment of air in the mold during injection presents no difficulties as the parts are not perfectly fitted and the quantity of ai is small. It is preferred, however, but not essential, that the plate I34 be provided with slots I43 whereby the holes I42 communicate with the mold exterior. Only one slot I43 is shown in Fig. 2 to avoid confusion. If, in the use of a particular mold, difficulties are encountered with air trapped at the flanges of the eyelets, then either the upper or the lower part of the mold may be provided with a suitable vent groove or scratch at the parting plane.

With the method and mold as above outlined, the consistent production, in appreciabl numbers, of consecutive and perfect clusters I60 has been experienced. The plastic material covering the flange of each eyelet joins with the metal of the blank at line I64 (Fig. 8) smoothly and continuously.

Having described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A mold for covering flanges of eyelet blanks comprising separable mold blocks arranged to hold the barrels of eyelet blanks in spaced relation and near the parting plane of said mold blocks and with the flanges free of contact with the mold, said mold blocks when in juxtaposition defining a distribution pattern including a sprue passage communicating at various distances from the point of injection with runners leading toward the zones for holding the eyelet blanks, the intersection of the sprue passage with one of the less remote of said runners defining a path of flow around an angle of less than 2. A mold for covering flanges of eyelet blanks comprising separable mold blocks arranged, when in juxtaposition, 'to hold the flanges of eyelet blanks in spaced relation by contact with the innerand'outer surfaces of the eyelet barrels and defining cavities adjacent the plane of the parting of the mold blocks including a sprue passage leading from a point of injection and communicating at various distances with runners, the said runners leading to ring gates and spaces for said flanges, the intersections of said sprue passage with the runners nearer the point of injection being at angles each of less than 90 for a partial reversal of flow, and a knockout plate parallel with said plane of parting and passing through oneof said blocks and supporting ejection pins arranged to pass through said runners, said knockout plate and ejection pins being movable as a unit with relation to the said one block.

3. A mold for covering flanges of eyelet blanks with plastic material comprising separable mold blocks one of which is provided with a removable fiat plate having holes to support the barrels of eyelet blanks in spaced relation near the parting plane of said mold blocks, the other of said blocks including interchangeable die tools concentric with said holes when the blocks are in juxtaposition and defining ring gates and spaces for the flange covers to be made on blanks sup ported by said flat plate, a sprue passage defined by the blocks in juxtaposition and runners leading from said sprue passage and communicating with the said ring gates and spaces, a knockout plate with ejection pins arranged to move as a unit with respect to one or" said blocks and perpendicular to said parting plane, said pins passing through said one block to said runners, and the intersections of the sprue passage with some runners each defining a partially reversed path of flow in relation to the direction of flow in said sprue passage, the arrangement being such as to cause plastic material first to be injected along said sprue passage to a runner more remote from the point of injection.

4. A mold for covering flanges oi eyelet blanks with plastic material comprising separable mold blocks arranged to hold eyelet blanks in spaced relation adjacent the parting plane, one of said locks being arranged to contact and support the barrels of said blanks, the other of said blocks having cavities including a sprue passage leading 10 from a point of injection into the mold, runners, and a ring gate and space for the flange of each of said blanks, said cavities defining a distribution pattern with flow passages leading from said sprue passage to those ring gates nearer the said point of injection in directions partially reversed in relation to the direction of flow in said sprue passage.

5. A method or covering flanges of metal eyelet blanks which comprises enclosing the flange of each of a number of such blanks in spaced relation within wall surfaces of a cavity from which the corresponding eyelet barrels are sharply excluded, injecting a single charge of plastic material -frorn a given point into said cavity first to embed the enclosed flanges most remote from said point, and continuing the injection of said charge without interruption while partially reversing the paths of portions of said material directed to flanges less remote from said point.

SYLVESTER L. GOOKIN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the die of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Injection Mould Design by Tennessee Eastman Corp, October, 1940, pages 147-156, Br. Plastics. 

